U.s History Chapter 1.1 Reading Assessment Answers
While Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and of course Martin Luther King Jr. are all well-known leaders in America'southward civil rights move, the accomplishments of that era were the work of more than but a few individuals. Thousands marched, organized, educated and more to build a ameliorate society, and as a outcome, some leaders fell by the wayside of many of today's history books. These are just some of the amazing civil rights leaders you may have never learned about.
Claudette Colvin
Although Rosa Parks may be famous for refusing to surrender her seat for a white homo, Claudette Colvin stood her basis nine months earlier — and at the age of xv rather than 42. She and three of her friends were sitting in a row when a white woman boarded the motorcoach, and the driver demanded that all four of them move. Three did. Claudette didn't.
She explained that information technology was her constitutional right to sit at that place. "It felt," Colvin later explained, "as though Harriet Tubman's hands were pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth's hands were pushing me down on the other shoulder."
Colvin's books were knocked from her hands, and she was manhandled off the motorcoach and afterwards placed in jail before being bailed out by her parents. The National Clan for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) considered promoting her as a key figure in the fight against segregation, but it ultimately chose non to because she was a teenager. She also presently became pregnant, which organizers feared would distract from the broader struggle.
Nevertheless, along with Aurelia South. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith, Colvin became one of four plaintiffs in the case of Browder vs. Gayle, which saw Montgomery, Alabama's bus policies thrown out as unconstitutional. Colvin moved to New York City two years subsequently and became a nurse's adjutant.
While Martin Luther King Jr. was the confront of the civil rights rallies of the '60s, Bayard Rustin was the man behind the scenes who organized them. Raised by his teenage mother and Quaker grandparents, he was fatigued to the Young Communists League while attention New York's Urban center College during the 1930 because of their support for racial equality. Even so, he left when the Communist Political party shifted away from civil rights work after 1941. He then joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), co-founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and became an active campaigner for civil rights.
Rustin'southward accomplishments are almost as well numerous to listing. He participated in CORE's Journey of Reconciliation, the predecessor to the later Liberty Rides that concluded bussing segregation, and concluded upward on a chain gang as a result. He used that feel to publish several paper manufactures that led to the reform of such gangs. In 1948, he went to India to meet Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent practices in activeness, and he subsequently traveled to West Africa to work with unlike colonial independence movements. He became a shut advisor to Martin Luther King and played an instrumental role in everything from 1963'south March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to helping to draft King'south Memoir, Stride Toward Liberty.
Rustin became a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI early on considering of his communist ties, and his 1953 conviction on charges of homosexual activity acquired tension even with other civil rights leaders. Nonetheless, Rustin connected his work, and in the 1980s, he finally opened upwards about his sexuality. He played a key function in getting the NAACP to take action against the AIDS crisis. He died in 1987.
Shirley Chisholm
Born to immigrant parents from British Guiana and Barbados, Shirley Chisholm graduated from Brooklyn Higher in 1946. She was an education consultant for New York City's daycare system and was active in the NAACP before representing Brooklyn in the New York's country legislature from 1964 to 1968. She then achieved success on the national stage by winning election to the House of Representatives, where she remained until 1981. She was an ardent opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of abortion rights and the Equal Rights Amendment.
Chisholm was also both the offset Black person and first woman to run for the nomination of a major party in the United states of america. Though she only received 152 consul votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, her run nonetheless foreshadowed even greater political accomplishments for women and people of color in the years and decades to come.
Benjamin Mays
Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. one time described Benjamin Mays equally his "spiritual mentor." Built-in in 1894 Hezekiah and Louvenia Carter, who were former slaves, Mays grew up to get a doctorate from the University of Chicago and was ordained equally a Baptist government minister. He after became president of Morehouse College.
While at Morehouse, Mays delivered weekly addresses at the college's chapel, and information technology was these speeches that first drew a immature Martin Luther King Jr. to him. King began meeting with Mays to talk over theology and globe affairs after the weekly addresses, and Mays began to have Sun dinners with the King family unit.
Mays went on to be one of King's near prominent supporters. When mass arrests led King's father to inquire him to stride down as a leader in the Montgomery passenger vehicle boycott, Mays vocally supported King'southward decision not to do so. He gave the benediction at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. Even later King's assassination, Mays connected to fight for ceremonious rights and became the first Blackness president of the Atlanta Board of Educational activity.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Like Mays, Nannie Helen Burroughs' parents had experienced the horrors of slavery firsthand. After her father died, she and her mother moved to Washington D.C. Burroughs performed well in schoolhouse, just despite her success, she was unable to observe a job equally a public school teacher. Equally a result, she decided to constitute her own schoolhouse for Black American women without the ways to pay for an education.
Some civil rights leaders of the time, such every bit Booker T. Washington, doubted Burroughs' ability to enhance money for the school. Because of donations from local black women and their families, nevertheless, Burroughs was however successful, and the National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls (NTPSG) in 1909 with the motto, "We specialize in the wholly impossible." At historic period 26, Burroughs was the first president.
The NTPSG was unusual in that it combined a classical pedagogy along with vocational skills meant to assistance black women notice jobs in modern society. Black history was likewise a required class, a largely unprecedented motion for the time. While the original school only consisted of a small farmhouse, in 1928, it grew to include a larger building with 12 classrooms and additional facilities. Burroughs died in 1961, but her efforts to provide education and opportunity regardless of race or gender paved the mode for further efforts to secure civil rights.
Source: https://www.reference.com/history/influential-civil-rights-leaders-fba3aa8663d7f466?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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